Is Debtors’ Prison Making a Comeback?
In the early days of this country it was common for debtors to be imprisoned until their debt was paid. Popular history records that the last debtors’ prison was closed in the 19th century and the practice of incarcerating a person on account of a debt was abolished. However, the prohibition against debtors’ prison has always had its loopholes; the most well-known examples are tax evasion and child support delinquency. In one case a former corporate lawyer, H. Beatty Chadwick, was imprisoned for more than 14 years for failing to turn over money related to a divorce case. The judge who released him decided that after 14 years Mr. Chadwick either could not or would not pay.
Since the start of the recession more debtors are being arrested for not paying debts. The Washington Post reports that “more than a third of all U.S. states allow borrowers who can’t or won’t pay to be jailed.” This process generally occurs after an individual fails to show up to court, but sometimes results from failing to make court-ordered payments to a creditor. In one case the Post reports that a 26 year old woman was arrested for failing to show up to a court hearing over a $1,159.87 credit card debt. When she posted a $500 bond, that money was turned over to the creditor.
While many state judges appear to be using the power of their office to influence debtors to pay their creditors, these judges cannot circumvent the power of the federal bankruptcy laws. When a debtor files bankruptcy, all debts owed prior to the date of the bankruptcy fall under the jurisdiction of the federal bankruptcy judge. All state court proceedings must automatically stop, including the execution of a state court contempt of court warrant to coerce payment. This automatic stay is a very powerful protection and gives the debtor a chance to propose a plan to either discharge the debt or repay it over time.
If you are threatened with a lawsuit, don’t ignore it. Speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and learn how the federal bankruptcy laws can protect your income, your property, and even your freedom.
How Bankruptcy Can Stop A Lawsuit
A lawsuit can cause tremendous anxiety. Many lawsuits are filed every day by creditors seeking to collect on credit card debts and medical bills. Common sense should tell you that if you owe the money, there are few legitimate defenses that will prevent a judgment.
When you are served with notice of a lawsuit, you will need to defend the lawsuit. If you fail to respond to the lawsuit, fail to answer discovery requests (interrogatories, requests for admissions, production of documents, etc.), or fail to show up to court, the court may enter a judgment against you. Even if you are successful in navigating all of these procedural landmines, you may lose your case. Once the plaintiff has a judgment against you it can seize property or garnish your wages. A lawsuit will also be recorded on your credit report where it stays for seven years (or longer). Do you need a lawyer? Yes! Will it make a difference? Probably not.
If you are facing a lawsuit for a bad debt, you should consider whether a personal bankruptcy can help. Once a bankruptcy petition is filed, you are under the protection of a federal judge’s court order directing creditors to stop all collection actions, including any pending litigation. This protection is called the automatic stay, because it stops creditors immediately upon filing the bankruptcy case. The automatic stay also stops wage garnishments (except for a few narrow exceptions like child support), foreclosure actions, and property seizures. Once the bankruptcy court discharges a debt or state court judgment, the creditor can no longer enforce the debt against you.
While a single lawsuit may not be a good reason to file a lawsuit, it usually is a warning sign that you need help. If you have been sued, contact an experienced bankruptcy attorney and review your legal options. Bankruptcy can stop a lawsuit and discharge credit card debt, medical bills, and personal loans.
Are People in Need Avoiding Bankruptcy?
Although bankruptcy filings are climbing back to the all-time high of 2 million reached in 2005, there is a growing concern that many Americans in need of bankruptcy protection are not filing. A recent article in USA Today quotes Katherine Porter, associate professor of law at the University of Iowa who says, “[T]he filing rate doesn’t even begin to count the depth of financial pain.”
Are you hurting financially? Bankruptcy can help ease that pain.
Bankruptcy is a federal legal process for declaring an inability to pay your creditors. When you file bankruptcy you get immediate relief. The bankruptcy court imposes an “automatic stay” prohibiting creditors from taking collection action against you while the bankruptcy case is pending. The automatic stay is very powerful and stops lawsuits, wage garnishments, and even foreclosures. Its purpose is to give the debtor some breathing room and an opportunity to decide how to resolve an overwhelming debt problem.
There are typically two different types of bankruptcy cases: chapter 7 and chapter 13. In chapter 7 you eliminate debt without payment while chapter 13 is a repayment plan over three to five years. At the end of a bankruptcy case the court enters an order discharging eligible debts and permanently prohibits creditors from taking collection action against you.
In some cases certain debts are not discharged. The most common types are family support obligations, student loans, and taxes. However, bankruptcy offers significant relief by discharging other debts and freeing up money to pay the non-discharged debt. Chapter 13 can also be helpful by allowing payment of the non-dischargeable debt under the supervision of the bankruptcy court and without fear of lawsuits, wage garnishments, or other nasty creditor action.
The bankruptcy process is very efficient. For most chapter 7 debtors the case will last a few months and requires one meeting with the bankruptcy trustee. The cost of bankruptcy is very reasonable compared to the relief that is given.
If you are hurting financially, speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you. There are many options available in the law and can give you real relief from overwhelming debt.
How Bankruptcy Can Stop A Wage Garnishment
Garnishing a debtor’s wages is one of the most common and effective means a creditor has to get paid. A garnishment is a typically a court order (in some rare cases a garnishment can come from another source), and directs the debtor’s employer to withhold a certain amount or percentage from the employee’s pay. This amount may be limited by state or federal laws, depending on the type of debt and the income source, and the debtor may be able to assert certain “exemptions” that restricts the amount of the garnishment each pay period. The garnishment usually comes unannounced and is delivered just before the debtor’s payday, to ensure that the creditor receives the maximum amount from the garnishment.
Certain income sources receive increased protection from garnishment like Social Security, retirement plan benefits, public assistance, workers’ compensation, and unemployment or disability benefits. However, certain debts like child support can collect from most of these income sources.
When a garnishment is taking more than you can afford to pay, it may be time to consider filing bankruptcy. The federal bankruptcy laws will stop debt collection including garnishments. The moment the bankruptcy case is filed a temporary injunction known as the “automatic stay” stops all creditor actions immediately and automatically – even if the creditor has no knowledge of the bankruptcy filing! This stay continues throughout your bankruptcy case unless terminated or modified by the bankruptcy court. For most garnishments, the debt will be discharged at the end of the bankruptcy case and the creditor can no longer collect from you.
Once you have filed your bankruptcy and the garnishment has stopped, it may be possible to have wages that were withheld from your check returned to you, provided your employer has not already sent the funds on to the court or to the creditor. Ask your attorney whether you can have funds returned once you file your case.
If you have a wage garnishment, consider your options by consulting with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can explain how the federal bankruptcy laws can stop your wage garnishment and put your wages back into your pocket.
Can Bankruptcy Stop A Rental Eviction?
A person’s financial situation is often desperate by the time a bankruptcy is filed. In some circumstances the rent is past due and the debtor is facing eviction. Fortunately, the bankruptcy laws can help many debtors stay in their homes, at least temporarily.
Generally, when you file a bankruptcy petition all collection actions are automatically stayed. The purpose of this stay is to give you some breathing room and time to sort out your financial difficulties. If you are behind on rent payments, the bankruptcy automatic stay stops the commencement or continuation of an eviction action. The automatic stay prohibits your landlord from any attempt to collect rents that accrued prior to the bankruptcy filing date. Your landlord may not write or call you in an effort to collect these rents, and may not start or continue a lawsuit to evict you.
The bankruptcy automatic stay will not relieve you from your obligation to pay rent after the bankruptcy filing date. If you fall behind on your rent payments after the bankruptcy is filed, your landlord may evict you regardless of the bankruptcy, but cannot seek payment of past rents. If you are not behind on rent at the time the bankruptcy case is filed, your landlord is not a creditor and will not receive notice of your bankruptcy filing. However, you must account for any rent deposit on your bankruptcy schedules.
In some circumstances a landlord may complain to the bankruptcy court that the tenant is endangering the property or using controlled substances illegally on the property. The landlord must file a certification to the bankruptcy court and the tenant has 15 days to respond. The court must hold a hearing within 10 days. If the landlord is successful in this complaint, the court will lift the automatic stay and allow the eviction process to continue.
If your landlord has obtained a judgment for possession and order of eviction before you file bankruptcy, the legal process is more complex. You must deposit one month of rent to the bankruptcy court immediately upon filing the bankruptcy petition along with a certification stating that your landlord’s judgment permits you to stay in the premises upon satisfaction of the entire judgment amount. This filing stays the eviction process for thirty days. If you wish to remain longer, the amount stated in the judgment for possession must be paid within the thirty day period.
Bankruptcy can stop an eviction and give you time to move or make arrangements to stay. If you are facing eviction from your rental home and contemplating bankruptcy, discuss your situation with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.
Bankruptcy Versus Debt Consolidation Services
Like you, I constantly see ads for companies that claim they can negotiate down your balances with your creditors, get your interest rate lowered, and consolidate your bills into one low monthly payment. These ads run on TV, radio and the internet all times of the day and night. Some of these companies are legitimate and do truly want to help you get out of debt while others are fly-by-night operations who take your money and run. Whether they are legitimate or not, they all have one thing in common—they cannot stop your creditors from coming after you for payment. How do I know? Because I represented creditors in the past and creditors have certain rules for those people trying to collect the debts on their behalf. If the offer from your credit counseling agency does not meet the requirements a collection agency is given by the creditor, the collection agency can accept the proposed payments but does not give up their right to sue you on the entire remaining balance of the debt.
One of the many advantages of filing bankruptcy is that, when your case is filed, you are afforded the protection of the Federal Laws regarding bankruptcy. The best and most well known provision is the “automatic stay”. When your case is filed, your creditors are not allowed to contact you or try to collect the debt—they are automatically stopped from these acts. I like to think of it as they have their arms tied behind their backs. This gives you a time to breathe, regroup, and get your ducks in a row while your attorney, the trustee and the Judge look at your financial situation and find a solution with your help.