Don’t Be On Your Own During Bankruptcy

A person who files a bankruptcy case without an attorney is called a pro se debtor.  “Pro se” is Latin meaning “for oneself;” in other words, you are on your own.  Being on your own during your bankruptcy may save a few upfront dollars, but can cost you plenty in the long run.  There are many negative consequences that are often unexpected and sometimes disastrous. 

The savings pro se debtors receive is minimal and the risk is great.  Attorney fees during bankruptcy are supervised by the United States Bankruptcy Court.  The federal bankruptcy law allows an attorney to collect reasonable compensation for services rendered during a bankruptcy case.  Consequently, bankruptcy attorneys charge similar fees in order to stay competitive, and attorneys must disclose their fee to the bankruptcy court.  

When you are represented by an experienced bankruptcy attorney you receive several benefits.  Your attorney brings years of experience and knowledge in areas including the Federal Bankruptcy Code, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, the bankruptcy court’s local rules, federal bankruptcy case law, and state and federal exemption and collection laws.  Your attorney is also familiar with the bankruptcy judge, the bankruptcy trustee, and local creditor practices. 

When you are represented, you will have counsel at the Meeting of Creditors with the bankruptcy trustee.  The trustee assumes that a pro se debtor has made errors in the bankruptcy, and will grill the pro se debtor and scrutinize the bankruptcy case.  When you are represented, your attorney helps you answer any trustee questions, and can file motions and responses via the court’s electronic filing system.  When you are on your own you must mail or personally file documents with the court and must appear before the bankruptcy judge to reaffirm a debt. 

The federal law guarantees open access to the courts and permits self representation in lawsuits, including bankruptcy proceedings.  However, the benefit of having an experienced bankruptcy attorney at your side far outweighs any savings proceeding on your own.  Consult with an experienced attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you.

More Elder Americans Are Filing Bankruptcy

A recent study by the University of Michigan School of Law has found that an increasing number of people over the age of 65 are filing for bankruptcy protection.  The study states that even before the financial meltdown of 2008, the percentage of older Americans filing bankruptcy had risen steadily, from 2 percent in 1991 to 4 percent in 2001 to 7 percent in 2007. 

The reasons for these older people filing bankruptcy are varied, but the study found that “the dominant force appears to be overwhelming burdens related to credit cards.”  Researchers found that elder bankruptcy debtors reported 50% more in credit card debt than younger bankruptcy debtors.  Credit card interest and fees were cited as a reason for filing bankruptcy 50% more frequently.  This suggests that elder debtors rely upon their credit cards more that younger debtors.  The author of the study, law professor John Pottow, states, “These findings are both striking and ominous.” 

Debtors over 65 had a median credit card debt of $22,562, while younger debtors had a median of $13,615.  Nearly 60 percent of elder debtors said their financial troubles resulted from medical bills. 

Financial struggles can be especially overwhelming for someone on a fixed income.  While younger debtors may be able to juggle finances, increase income, or decrease expenses in order to pay off debt, in most cases an older debtor’s fixed income pays only for the bare necessities.  There are few options to paying off high interest credit card debt.  In some extreme cases an elder debtor may forego necessary medicine, food, or utilities in order to pay monthly credit card payments. 

If you have an older loved-one who is experiencing credit card debt, speak with an attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can relieve burdensome credit card bills.  Bankruptcy is powerful protection against creditor harassment, lawsuits, and income garnishments.  For most elder debtors, credit card debt can be discharged without losing any property.  Call today and protect your property and your peace of mind.

Your Bankruptcy Discharge

The word bankruptcy is derived from two Latin words, bancus, meaning “bench,” and ruptus, meaning “broken.”  The term was used to describe the breakup of a tradesman’s business (often resulting in physically breaking the tradesman’s table or bench, signifying the end of the business).  Early bankruptcy laws were concerned with protecting creditors from insolvent businesses.  Usually this meant total liquidation of the business.  In some cases a creditor could have the tradesman imprisoned for non-payment of a debt. 

Modern bankruptcy law in the United States is more forgiving and promises the individual creditor a fresh start.  The United States Bankruptcy Code is enacted by Congress via authority granted by Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution.  United States bankruptcy laws have evolved to protect the honest, but unfortunate debtor and provide a discharge of overwhelming debts.  Debtor’s prisons were abolished in the United States. 

The cornerstone of the bankruptcy fresh start is the bankruptcy discharge, a permanent court injunction that prohibits creditor collection against the debtor.  The bankruptcy discharge is available to individual debtors and is generally ordered at the end of the bankruptcy case.  A discharge is not available to a non-individual, like a businesses or corporation.  The discharge order forbids creditors from contacting the debtor to collect on a debt, or taking legal action against the debtor personally.  The bankruptcy discharge is very broad and is enforced through a contempt action with the bankruptcy court. 

Certain debts are not affected by the bankruptcy discharge including child support obligations, debts obtained by fraud, criminal fines or restitution, most student loans, and certain taxes.  While these debts are non-dischargeable for policy reasons, other common debts like medical bills and credit card debts are discharged by the bankruptcy.  The Bankruptcy Code offers certain protections to the debtor to repay non-dischargeable debts during a bankruptcy case. 

If you are struggling with debts and need a fresh start, discuss your options with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.  The modern bankruptcy law offers many legal options for paying or discharging personal debt.  Learn how a bankruptcy discharge can start you on a path to a fresh financial start.

Auto Redemption in Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

During a Chapter 7 bankruptcy all unsecured debts are discharged.  Debts that are secured by collateral (e.g. car loans) must be paid or the collateral must be returned to the lender.  Occasionally an individual considering Chapter 7 bankruptcy will own a vehicle that is worth less than what is owed.  This situation is often referred to as “upside down” and usually involves a late model vehicle that has depreciated faster than the person has paid on the loan.  It doesn’t make any sense to pay for something that is “upside down,” but often an individual needs to keep the vehicle for transportation to work and for family use. 

Fortunately, a provision of the Chapter 7 bankruptcy code allows an individual to keep a vehicle and pay only its current market value.  This process is called “redemption.”  During a redemption the value of the vehicle is determined (either by agreement between the debtor and creditor or by the bankruptcy judge after a hearing) and a court order is issued directing the creditor to accept a sum from the debtor in exchange for a release of its lien.  In plain terms the lender is paid a lump sum and the lien on the vehicle is released.  For example, a debtor that owes $15,000 on an auto that is worth $10,000 will only pay $10,000. 

Unfortunately, the payment must be made in a one-time lump sum to the lender at the time of the redemption order.  If the debtor is unable to pay for the vehicle, there are finance companies that make redemption loans for debtors in bankruptcy.  Before making a redemption loan these finance companies require a loan application and certain assurances of repayment.  The interest rate can be high for a redemption loan, however the resulting monthly payment is often lower than the original payment.  It is important to carefully consider all of the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision to redeem a vehicle: 

Advantages of a redemption loan:

• Retention of the vehicle;
• Vehicle is no longer “upside down;”
• The creditor cannot repossess the vehicle;
• Usually results in a lower monthly payment. 

Disadvantages of a redemption loan:

• High interest rate. 

Redemption is not the only option for keeping a vehicle after a bankruptcy.  A skilled bankruptcy attorney can explain all of your options and help you obtain the best deal for your family.

Lien Stripping Second Mortgages

While the Bankruptcy Code does not permit a bankruptcy court to modify the terms of a home mortgage, a second mortgage that is entirely unsecured may be stripped away during a Chapter 13 bankruptcy.  For example, if you own a home that is presently worth $200,000 and the first mortgage balance is 200,001, any additional mortgage lien may be stripped away since that debt is not secured by any value in the home.  The debt is reclassified as unsecured, is treated as unsecured during the bankruptcy, and is subject to discharge at the end of the case.  However, if the debtor does not successfully complete the Chapter 13 case, the lien stripping benefit is lost. 

The most important part of the lien stripping process is obtaining an accurate valuation of the property.  Most courts agree that the appropriate time for valuing the property is at the time of the Chapter 13 confirmation hearing, not at the time the bankruptcy case was filed.  This may be several months after you file your Chapter 13 case.  A professional appraisal and other evidence of the value of the property are necessary for successful lien stripping. 

Lien stripping may not require both debtors to file bankruptcy.  In a recently decided case in Michigan, a married couple owned property, but only the wife filed bankruptcy.  She then filed an adversary case against a lien holder to strip away an entirely unsecure second mortgage.  The lien holder attempted to join the husband to the lawsuit, but the bankruptcy court refused.  The court granted the wife’s lien stripping motion saying that, since there was no equity,  the bankruptcy estate had no interest in that property.  Under Michigan law (and in many other states) a married couple holds a home jointly as tenants by the entirety.  This is a special legal ownership status where each party owns an undivided whole of the property, as a single legal entity.  The bankruptcy court found that both spouses do not have to be included in the lawsuit even though both spouses receive the benefit of the stripped lien.  This case is currently on appeal. 

In today’s economy where many homes have lost value, lien stripping second mortgages in bankruptcy is becoming commonplace.  If you have a second mortgage and need bankruptcy relief, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss your options.  There are many ways to save your family home using the powerful federal bankruptcy laws.

Chapter 13 Co-Debtor Stay

The “Co-Debtor Stay,” also known as the “Co-Debtor Automatic Stay,” is a feature of a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy designed to protect a debtor by insulating him from indirect pressures from his creditors exerted through friends or relatives.  The Co-Debtor Stay stops all collection actions against any individual who is obligated on a consumer debt owed by the debtor.  The Co-Debtor Stay continues until the Chapter 13 case has concluded. 

The Co-Debtor Stay is not a direct protection intended for the co-debtor.  The debtor’s Chapter 13 Bankruptcy will not discharge the co-debtor’s responsibilities to the creditor.  It will, however, prevent collection action by the creditor against the co-debtor (e.g. lien perfection or even adverse notation on the co-debtor’s credit report) during the pendency of the Chapter 13 case.  

The Co-Debtor Stay does not prohibit collection on a debt incurred in the ordinary course of business by the debtor.  Additionally, tax debt is generally not considered a consumer debt.  It is important to note that the Co-Debtor Stay does not apply at all to Chapter 7 Bankruptcy cases. 

The Co-Debtor Stay is effective immediately upon the filing of the debtor’s Chapter 13 petition and continues until the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to Chapter 7 or 11.  The Bankruptcy Court can also modify or terminate the Co-Debtor Stay upon the motion of a creditor.  The creditor may be successful in this type of motion if the codebtor received “consideration” for the debt (e.g. you cosigned a car loan for your brother, who actually owns the car), if the debtor’s Chapter 13 plan proposes to not pay the debt, or if the creditor’s interests would be irreparably harmed by continuation of the Co-Debtor Stay. 

A knowing violation of the Co-Debtor Stay is contempt of court and punishable by damages, including attorney’s fees.  Any collection action taken by a creditor in violation of the co-debtor stay is void. 

The Co-Debtor Stay is a powerful tool to prevent collection action in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy.  If you are contemplating a bankruptcy filing and have co-debtors, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.  An experienced bankruptcy attorney can explain your options and work with you to find the best result.

Bank Overdrafts Can Make Financial Trouble Worse

Every day is a new opportunity to make good financial decisions.  If your income has been significantly reduced, one decision that may help is to ensure that your bank does not charge you overdraft fees on your debit card purchases. 

A new federal banking regulation that took effect July 1, 2010 requires banks to obtain a customer’s consent before charging overdraft fees for debit card purchases whenever there are not sufficient funds to cover those purchases.  Consumers who do not “opt-in” may have their debit cards declined at the cash register.  

When an individual suddenly has a reduction of income, it is often difficult to keep track of monthly finances.  This could result in bank overdrafts.  A $5.00 burger and soda could wind up costing $35 or $40 after bank fees are assessed.  In some cases overdraft fees can quickly multiply to hundreds of dollars.  Additionally, some banks charge negative balance fees that may be assessed on a daily basis.  A prolonged negative balance could result in closure of the account and a consumer report to Chex Systems, making it more difficult to open another bank account. 

Bank fees are avoidable debts that can only complicate a bankruptcy case.  Many debtors in bankruptcy want to maintain a good relationship with their local bank, and consequently will pay the bank debt.  In cases where the debt is not paid, a new bank may not agree to open a new account for you until the debt to your former bank is paid – regardless of whether that debt was discharged in bankruptcy. 

When money is extremely tight, consider using cash to pay for ordinary purchases like lunch, groceries, or gas.  Cash may be less convenient than using your debit card, but it is easier to keep track of your money and see how it is being spent.

If you are experiencing financial difficulties due to a sudden reduction of income, consider opting out of overdraft fees from your bank.  A small inconvenience at the cash register could save you from a considerable headache later.  Your bankruptcy attorney can advise you on additional ways to avoid further difficulties by making to adjustments to your finances.  Consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and learn how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you.

Lien Stripping An Auto Loan In Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code contains many useful provisions that are not available to Chapter 7 debtors.  One of the most useful is the ability to cram-down an over-secured auto loan to the actual market value of the vehicle, and pay the auto loan over the duration of the Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan. 

The Bankruptcy Code recognizes that a lien is only secured to the extent of the value of the property.  If the amount of the lien is more than the value of the property, the debt is separated into two parts: secured and unsecured.  During a Chapter 13, the amount of the loan that exceeds the value of the vehicle can be stripped away. 

For instance, if your vehicle is worth $10,000, but the secured auto loan balance is $13,000, the bankruptcy will separate the auto loan into a secured debt of $10,000 and an unsecured debt of $3,000.  The secured portion must be paid in full during the Chapter 13 case, and the unsecured $3,000 amount will be paid along with other unsecured creditors (usually pennies on the dollar, if anything). 

Another potential benefit to the Chapter 13 debtor is that the contract terms can be modified during the Chapter 13 repayment period.  In some cases the repayment period can be lengthened or contract interest rate can be lowered by the bankruptcy court.  Changing the contractual terms can make a significant difference in the ability of the debtor to repay the debt. 

If you are struggling with debts you cannot pay and own a vehicle that is worth less than you owe, you may be eligible to reduce your principle and your monthly payment on your vehicle loan.  Speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss how a Chapter 13 bankruptcy can help you reduce your debt and make your finances work for you and your family.

If Debtor Dies During Bankruptcy

When a debtor dies during a pending bankruptcy case, the case may or may not be dismissed depending on a few factors.  The first factor is the bankruptcy chapter that controls the case.  For a Chapter 7 case, the death of the debtor does not terminate the bankruptcy.  For an individual bankruptcy case filed under Chapters 11, 12, or 13, the death of the debtor will affect the bankruptcy case, but does not necessarily terminate it. 

During a Chapter 7 bankruptcy the court will continue the bankruptcy proceedings despite the death of the debtor.  The reasoning is that all of the debtor’s assets, exemptions, and debts are determined at the time the case was filed, and the trustee is now in charge of liquidating any non-exempt assets.  The participation of a debtor is not necessary.  Bankruptcy Rule 1016 directs that “the estate shall be administered and the case concluded in the same manner, so far as possible, as though the death or incompetency had not occurred.” 

Death of the debtor during a Chapter 11, 12 or 13 case poses different complications.  Bankruptcy Rule 1016 states that “the case may be dismissed; or if further administration is possible and in the best interest of the parties, the case may proceed and be concluded in the same manner, so far as possible, as though the death or incompetency had not occurred.”  While dismissal of the bankruptcy is common in Chapter 11, 12, or 13 cases, the trustee may seek to continue the case per Rule 1016, the case could be converted to a Chapter 7, or the executor or administrator of the decedent’s estate may petition the bankruptcy court for a hardship discharge. 

Since the bankruptcy discharge will only prohibit collection against the debtor personally, the question becomes, how will the debtor’s discharge affect the heirs to the estate?  In most cases, an unsecured debt that is not a joint obligation will not pass to the decedent’s heirs.  However, a creditor could obtain a judgment against the deceased debtor’s estate and attempt to collect from any available property.  Consequently, the discharge is important to provide peace of mind and avoid any potential debt litigation or collection action. 

The federal bankruptcy laws are very broad in scope and provide for benefits even under unusual circumstances, such as the death of a bankruptcy debtor.  If you are struggling with debt you cannot afford to pay, speak with an experienced attorney and discover how the bankruptcy laws can help.

When A Landlord Files Bankruptcy

When a landlord files a bankruptcy case, both the landlord and the tenant have a great deal of anxiety.  How will the bankruptcy affect the tenancy?  Does the tenant continue to pay rent?  Is the landlord still obligated for repairs?  Fortunately the Bankruptcy Code contains specific provisions for dealing with the rights of both the landlord and the tenant during a bankruptcy.  

The Bankruptcy Code seeks to balance the contractual rights of the tenant against the interest of the bankrupt landlord in discharging overwhelming financial obligations.  Section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a bankrupt landlord to either assume or reject a lease.  In the majority of the cases the landlord accepts the lease and the tenancy continues with the mutual promises and obligations of the lease contract remaining fully enforceable. 

If the landlord rejects the lease, then the tenant may treat the lease as terminated and “walk away” without further obligation.  Alternatively, the tenant may choose to stay, however the landlord no longer has any obligation under the lease contract.  The tenant treats the lease as breached and may offset any damages resulting from the breach from rent payments.  If the damages incurred exceed the amount of rents due under the contract, the tenant may be able to submit a proof of claim and participate in the landlord’s bankruptcy as a creditor. 

To make matters more complicated, section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code permits a landlord to sell the rental property “free and clear” of any contractual interest, such as a tenant’s lease.  However, the Bankruptcy Code also enables the tenant to ask the bankruptcy court to “prohibit or condition” any sale to protect the tenant’s interest. 

Sorting out the legal rights of a landlord and tenant can become highly complex when the landlord files bankruptcy.  If you are a landlord seeking to file bankruptcy, or the tenant of a bankrupt landlord, discuss your case with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.  The federal bankruptcy laws are flexible on this subject and a resolution that is mutually beneficial can be reached.  Make sure your legal interests are protected by retaining qualified counsel.